Market efficiency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Market efficiency - Assignment Example Private market efficiency refers to the measure of access to information that market players can use to maximize their gains on investment at a minimum transaction cost (Jarrow & Larsson , 2011). Market efficiency widely known as the Efficient market Hypothesis (EMH) and introduced by Eugene Fama in 1970 stresses that market prices is a reflection of all the available information to the investors regarding a particular stock at a particular time of trading. According to Fama‘s interpretation of an efficient market is a situation were no individual investor has an advantage over others in predicting excess returns on securities above the existing market price (Jayasuriya, 2008). This claim is based on the premise that at any given time no one will have information over and above what is available to other players. The information necessary to make judgment is often readily available to all players at the time of trading and for this reason no individual player can beat the marke t. Valuation of investment is the main determinant of whether a market is efficient or not and where the inefficiencies are evident. An efficient market can be determined through market prices considering that it is only estimate for measuring deviation from true value (â€Å"Market Efficiency†, 2011). This is because an inefficient market will only be determined by market price deviation from the true value. Efficient market must be supported by a number of conditions most of which revolved around valuation and information availability for it to take place. The is means that information and market prices are integral components of market efficiencies consider that investors make investment strategies based on the information they have assuming that at a given time traded assets(s) are under or overvalued (Yang & Leatham, 1998). The market prices in an efficient market are often unbiased estimate of the asset’s true value and they are expected to shift randomly dependi ng on the behavior of the investors. Investors play a significant role in bringing efficiency in private markets considering their diverse reaction to available information. A number of conditions need to take place in the private market place in order for efficiency to be achieved. In other words, market efficiency does not happen automatically as certain forces drive it. The first condition is the existence of profit maximization investors (â€Å"Market Efficiency†, 2011). Investors will always try to take advantage of every opportunity that comes their way to make profits. This is often based on the perception of the investors that the market is inefficient and one can leverage on the inefficiencies to beat the market. In other words, the investors must recognize the potential for bigger returns, replicate their beat the market strategies and invest their resources repeatedly until the end of inefficiency (Lee, etal, 2009). The more the investors continue to actively parti cipate in trading activities the more likely they create market efficiency. For instance continuous sale and purchase of stocks will always have a double edged impact considering that market prices can be pushed above or below fair value at every point in time. This makes it very difficult a single or a group of investors to predict the existing undervalued stocks irrespective of the applied investment strategy. The timing and nature of the information available to the investors is also another important condition for achieving market efficiency. Information availability is an integral part of market efficiency considering that an efficient market is defined based on the kind of information that is reflected on the price and available to the investors. Take for instance a strong form efficiency which is exudes that under such a circumstance an investor with insider information will not be able to make excess gains over other because the market prices reflects all the information bot h private and public. It is noteworthy that market efficiency

Personal Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement Essay In rerouting my life for a better future, I have chosen to pursue computer science. Upon setting foot in Houston Community College (HCC), I enrolled in engineering chemistry. However, I have decided to seriously take computer science in the prestigious school of University of California (UC). My desire to switch course and school has been influenced by the fact that I find less satisfaction with the present course I am taking. Until, I realized that computer science is my professional call and UC will be the best school that will fully educate me and will develop my skills and capabilities to its maximum potential. My intention and interest to take computer science is brought by the fact that today’s era is marked by computer and technology. The technological innovation is unstoppable and drastic. Through which, the demand for computer scientists has also intensified. In addition, my interest in computer science is molded by my innate interest in math and chemistry. Even as a kid, I had been excelling in math. I believe that my talent in loving and easily grasping the complexities of math is a God’s given ability that will eventually lead me to the life I had always wanted. As such, I want to blend my talent with the demand in the society in the field of computer science. Furthermore, I have considered that having a career in technologically- innovated field would effectively make me a better person and a contributor to the society. As an ordinary person, I also wished to be of help to other people, especially to the needy. In this era, I have seen many who are still striving to adopt the culture and to learn computer. For some students and other unemployed, they find their innocence and ignorance to technology as an adversity that hinders them to change their life for the better. Among the unemployed, they have admitted having been denied work due to their inadequate knowledge in computers. As a good citizen, I want to help in minimizing this common problem in the society. This could also be my chance to help in giving hope to those who are discouraged because of their ignorance in technology. For this reason, I have made a firm decision to pursue computer science. Interestingly, the church has been one of the major influences in my life and to my decisions. In church, helping other people is always reiterated. Even to an ordinary person, it is natural to extend help to others. At church, I had been an active member of the band as a singer and sometimes playing the drums. During services, our band leads the song. Through my membership in church activities, my self-esteem and socialization skills have been improved. Significantly, leading the whole church to sing and maintaining the momentum of praise is not an easy task. Taking the lead in singing is important in order to give the expectation of the church-goers and try to persuade them to sing in chorus. Aside from that, it is also important that the message of the song is being delivered well and understood by the attendees. In doing so, it is necessary that the songs that are being played correspond to the mood of the people. In addition to my membership in a band, the church to where I am affiliated also exposed us to charity works and volunteering activities. Some of the activities include mentoring children about values and religious teachings. We also initiated programs for the underprivileged by going to their places and provide foods and clothing. My experiences and membership in a group greatly improved my perception about friendship and trust. Significantly, my involvement in community services has nurtured my idea on grace and benevolence. As a band member, I had the chance of meeting real friends I can truly trust for every simple secret shared. In doing community service, I felt the satisfaction that any material things can ever offer to me. Having seen a smile among the children happy in receiving our aids brought joy to my heart. From there, I committed myself to maximize my capability in helping other people. I also realized that it is through extending financial and emotional help and eventually changing other’s life for the better is a way by which I can truly say to myself that I am an asset of the society. For these noble reasons, I decided to pursue computer science. As a human being, mere experiences and perception of the future is not enough motivation or factor in achieving goals. Values and characters are also important for it helps one in making his decisions and on how he looks at things. In life, there are plenty of struggles that everyone has to meet. These struggles may comprise of problems and temptations. As for me, I have plenty of struggles that have kept on pulling me down from fulfilling my dreams. The diversity factor is one thing that usually weakens my self-esteem. Aside from that, I am also living away from my family which makes me feel alone most often. However, I have to overcome these adversities in order to achieve my dreams. In having this kind of thinking, being optimistic has helped me a lot. Since childhood, I always viewed things in the positive light. I try not to be discouraged by any disappointments that may come in my life. My battles with diversity have been won through optimism and courage. Furthermore, in surviving the trials in life and in ensuring success in the future, I believe that it is vital to be honest, persistent, and determined in everything that I have to do. Before coming here in United States and since childhood, my parents have reiterated the importance of these values in life. As I grew old, I realized that my parents are right. At this stage of my life, I need to be persistent and determined so that I will be able to fulfill my purpose in life.

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Driven b

The Role of Fate in Oedipus Rex Before we approach this complex question inductively, we are at first obliged to contemplate what definitions and assumptions are being made. This essay, perhaps more so than others, requires a more extensive look at this aspect of the question, because of the sheer variety of possible responses. However, I now have reduced them to three possibilities. Firstly, we could make the assumption that perhaps as destiny controls all fates, then Oedipus' character was created long before he was conceived. On the other hand, we could also say that perhaps Oedipus' horrific fate came about because of his character and fate. The final possibility is that everything is inevitable - therefore no one ever has had any say in their own fate, let alone Oedipus. In this essay I would like to discuss these three ideas, and perhaps draw a conclusion at the end on which I feel to be the most valid. The first solution to this question, as I said earlier, is the idea that destiny makes character. As destiny supposedly in the Greek mindset maps out all events before they occur, we can today assume with this logic that perhaps the components that "built" Oedipus' character were caused by fate. We know today that character is determined by biological factors and experience. These biological factors would have been determined by how well he was fed, how well he developed, his genes etcetera. The experience would have also been determined by the pre-destined master plan of Fate. Thus it is possible to argue that Oedipus, as components of his character and mind, was entirely shaped by fate and therefore cannot be held responsible for what he has done, as he has no control over his actions. But the premises that th... ...e dealt with in a normal way. This is theatre. It has been crafted to look as though the fall is due to some error of action, strongly interlaced with fate. Yet despite all this, I do not feel that this is how the play has materialised. It seems to me as though Oedipus could not have stopped the actual horrific incest and patricide occurring, only the realisation of it. To me, as a non-believer in fate, nothing is due to Oedipus' character. He seems merely unfortunate, a victim of superstition. Yet to those of you who accept fate, then perhaps this could be the explanation. It is a completely subjective decision, based on a personal interpretation. This is something that I cannot decide. Thus I leave the decision open, but my decision closed. Neither is right, and neither is wrong. Works Cited: Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991.

Not Satisfied with School Canteen Food

TASK 4: You are not most satisfied with the food provided at your school canteen and would like to convince your principal or the school management to change the vendors or the food sold at the canteen. Imagine that you have been granted an interview with the principal. Prepare a speech to express your opinions to the principal. SPEECH: Introduction: Good morning principal. Today, I would like to raise an issue on the food in our school’s canteen. I have been in this school for 6 years and the food was delicious, however, recently, I have noticed some flaws in our school’s food system.Prices Too High: Firstly, I would like to bring up the issue of the food being too expensive for many children to afford. When I accompany my mother to shopping trips outside, and have noted that the food outside are much cheaper than the food sold in Nan Hua although they were the same. As supermarkets like â€Å"Sheng Siong† are big companies and our school is only a small school, it is expected that the prices in the markets should be cheaper than that in our school. However, I find the prices in our school really very outrageous.For example, once when I was in a supermarket, I saw a particular snack that our school sold. The price was S$0. 80 for 5 packets, however in our school the price was S$0. 40 for each packet. Another example is the cheese sausage sold at the â€Å"Chinese Cuisine† store. The price was S$1. 00 for one sausage while outside, it was sold as 5 in a packet for S$2. 50. The prices are outrageous in our school! S$1. 00 is the Primary Ones and Twos‘ pocket money for a day and they could not possibly spent all their money on one sausage! Bad Attitude To Children:The second issue is our school vendors’ attitude. Being in Primary Six, I seldom encountered someone scolding me or trying to cheat me of my money. However, I do often see lower primary pupils, especially the Primary Ones and Twos, being have to bear the vendorâ €™s temper when he or she was feeling not particularly well. Once, I was queuing at the snack store when I saw a Primary One girl. She handed up 50 cents for something that costs 70 cents. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw the store owner reply that the snack costs 70 cents and pointed to a sign behind the snacks that labelled â€Å"S$0. 0†. â€Å"Read! † the vendor had said impatiently, eyes bulging. The girl took back her money and backed away fearfully. I think that the vendor should not behave like that. Most likely, the girl did not learn to recognize money yet and could not count the amount. The vendor should have patiently told her that what she handed was 50 cents and not 70 cents and help her find the money. Slow Serving: The third problem is one that pupils of all levels come across, that the vendors are too slow at serving. Once, my friends and I were dismissed late.We tried to grab a chicken chop from the second stall. I did not want to eat anything el se. We queued for 15 minutes before we were served, and were almost late for class. I noted that the vendors, especially the new store number 2, â€Å"Asian Favorites†, was very casual in their movements. The second store so-called â€Å"aunties† often stopped what they were doing to talk to each other, and their movements were as slow as you can get. Conclusion: Perhaps the school could install â€Å"Satisfactory Testers† at the side of each stall.These machines comprise of two buttons, one smiley face and one sad face. If the number of smiley faces for the stall each month is above 50% of the total number replies, the stall could remain. If the stall had less than 50% smiley faces for two consecutive months, the school could change the vendor. This way, we would have included the whole school’s judgement. It is important that we count in everyone’s judgement. Having a good canteen gives us a more conducive learning environment and helps pupils to concentrate on their studies better.

Philosophy in Education Essay

With the rise in technology and the globalizing economy, educators and companies nowadays are finding ways to find suitable mechanisms to enhance education among individuals. The challenge now is for educators to synthesize the technology available and collaborate on the proper teaching method to address the needs of students today into the future. At the same time, students and workers must carefully piece out ideas and facts that will be suitable in the learning process. With the cooperation of both parties, full and quality education shall be achieved. I believe that every individual has their utmost desire to learn and each one has their own subjective interests and field that they want to study. With this in mind, every individual seeks to find an institution that will cater to their need to learn. Thus, it is therefore important for institutions like colleges, universities and schools to continually solidify and harness these interests for it to be beneficial in each ones future endeavor. However the feat must not only be one-sided – the action must also come from the student’s desire and efforts to learn. For students, efficient teaching practices are vital in the development of their individual skills and talents. Educators must continually be trained to address the current demand and needs of students. In addition, with the evolution in the literature and studies as far as education is concerned, issues such as (1) learning, (2) teaching styles, (3) models and (4) proper funding must be continuously address to ensue that each one is coping up in the recent changes in time. As far as students are concerned, their part and contribution to the learning process and education is also vital for the sector to be successful. Students in their own way must contribute to the rise of educational quality brought about by schools, universities and colleges. Since they are the target population of the mentioned institutions, each one must foster and catalyze continuous improvements. In addition, as courses and fields of study become more specialized, students must cope with the challenges and try to gather as much knowledge as they possibly can because the environment changes in the work community. Achieving a degree in a college, university or school does not stop an individual from learning and being educated. I believe that continuous education is vital in the work environment. The work environment also caters to an individual’s learning process. As the worker continuous to gain experience from work, the depth and level of learning and education also increases. However, I argue that there will come a certain point wherein an individual who is working reaches his/her optimum potential to learn. With this, there will now be a decline in learning as familiarization and a routinely work environment enters the picture. Thus, the challenge for companies is to continually motivate workers and introduce new concepts to make the atmosphere more susceptible to learning and education. Companies must create scenarios that can enhance workers education and learning. This can be done by (1) creating efficient and effective training that will update workers of changes, (2) provide incentives to qualified workers to pursue a higher career in education, (3) synchronize company objectives by allowing gradual changes to occur to prevent growth stagnation of the workforce and (4) introducing new concepts that will preferably facilitate better methods to do quality work and at the same time learning. It is said that the only thing that does not change is ‘change’ itself. Education and the learning processes are continuous to evolve through time. With this in mind, mankind must also address these changes for us to adapt and be capable of survival in the future. Man’s constant quest for knowledge does not stop at school, it only progresses and increases as he/she gains experience in the work environment. Education as a concept is not stagnant. One must strive and work hard to achieve his/her endeavors in life. This is my philosophy with regards to education.

Art During The Renaissance in Venice

Art During The Renaissance in Venice Just as with Florence, Venice was a Republic during the Renaissance. Actually, Venice was an empire that controlled land in modern day Italy, a whole lot of sea coast down the Adriatic and countless islands. It enjoyed a stable political climate and thriving trade economy, both of which survived outbreaks of the Black Death and the fall of Constantinople (a major trading partner). Venice was, in fact, so prosperous and healthy that it took someone named Napoleon to undo its empire status...but, that was quite a while after the Renaissance had faded away and had nothing to do with art. The important part is, Venice (again, like Florence) had the economy to support art and artists, and did so in a big way. As a major port of trade, Venice was able to find ready markets for whatever decorative arts Venetian craftsmen could produce. The whole Republic was crawling with ceramists, glassworkers, woodworkers, lace makers and sculptors (in addition to painters), all of whom made entirely satisfactory livings. The state and religious communities of Venice sponsored massive amounts of building and decorating, not to mention public statuary. Many private residences (palaces, really) had to have grand facades on at least two sides since they can be seen from the water as well as land. To the present day, Venice is one of the most beautiful cities on earth because of this building campaign. Artisan guildswood carvers, stone carvers, painters, etc.helped ensure that artists and craftsmen were properly compensated. When we speak of the Venetian School of painting, its not just a handy descriptive phrase. There were actual schools (Scuola) and they were highly selective about who could (or couldnt) belong to each. Collectively, they guarded the Venetian art market zealously, to the point that one did not purchase paintings produced outside of the schools. It simply wasnt done. Venices geographic location made it less susceptible to outside influencesanother factor which contributed to its unique artistic style. Something about the light in Venice, too, made a difference. This was an intangible variable, to be sure, but it had an enormous impact. For all of these reasons, during the Renaissance Venice gave birth to a distinct school of painting. The key characteristics of the Venetian School The main word here is light. Four hundred years prior to Impressionism, the Venetian painters were keenly interested in the relationship between light and color. All of their canvases clearly explore this interplay. Additionally, the Venetian painters had a distinct method of brushwork. Its rather smooth and makes for a velvety surface texture. It seems, too, that Venices geographic isolation allowed for a somewhat relaxed attitude toward the subject matter. A great deal of painting dealt with religious themes; there was no getting around that. Certain wealthy Venetian patrons, however, created quite a market for what we refer to as Venus scenes. The Venetian School had a brief fling with Mannerism, but mostly resisted depicting the contorted bodies and torturous emotion Mannerism is known for. Instead, Venetian Mannerism relied on vividly painted light and color to achieve its drama. Venice, more than any other location, helped make oil paint popular as a medium. The city is, as you know, constructed on a lagoon which makes for a built-in dampness factor. Venetian painters needed something durable! The Venetian School is not known for its frescoes, however. When did the Venetian School arise? The Venetian School arose in the mid to late 15th century. Pioneers of the Venetian School were the Bellini and Vivarini (descendants of those marvelous Murano glassworkers) families. The Bellini were of particular importance, for it is they who are credited with bringing the Renaissance style to Venetian painting. The important artists Well, there were the Bellini and Vivarini families, as mentioned. They got the ball rolling. Andrea Mantegna, though from nearby Padua was an influential member of the Venetian School during the 15th-century. Giorgione ushered in 16th-century Venetian painting, and is rightly known as its first really big name. He inspired notable followers such as Titian, Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese and Lorenzo Lotto. Additionally, a lot of famous artists traveled to Venice, thanks to its reputation, and spent time in the workshops there. Antonello da Messina, El Greco and even Albrecht DÃ ¼rerto name but a fewall studied in Venice during the 15th and 16th centuries.

Elvis Presley Essays

Elvis Presley Essays Elvis Presley Paper Elvis Presley Paper What can you learn from Source A about Elvis Presleys impact on popular music in the USA in 1955? (6) Source A is an article from a magazine called Billboard, a US magazine on 3rd March 1956. It is a positive article for Elvis Presley as it promotes his success that he has achieved. The source states that he has six hit singles on the RCA Victor labels hit lit of top 25 best sellers. It also goes on to state that the two singles heartbreak hotel and I was the one is the labels number two best seller, behind Perry Comos juke box baby. From this information we can draw that Elvis Presley made a huge impact on popular music in the USA in 1955. To have six hit singles in the companys top 25 best sellers is a large percentage to the extent that he dominates the hit list and proves that he must have taken the US by storm and made his presence felt. Yet with all of the critics that he had during that time Elvis was still able to please his fans with the music they adored. The tone of the article is that of someone who has been entertained and is only full of positive praise when writing about him. The word hottest is used to describe Elvis, which means that he must have been the topic of a lot of peoples discussions, as he appeared a controversial character also. Even though the headline says Presley hot as $1 pistol, which probably would been to many as a negative remark, $1 was worth more in the 1950s compared to what it is worth now and wouldnt be a disgrace to be compared alongside. Elvis Presley must have provided something different to his fans compared to all of the other artists that were around at that time, as with all of the critics that he had, he must have had a lot of fans to succeed as an artist. This source in my opinion is a reliable one as it, compared to a lot of reviews, gives a different point of view from the negative view to the positive one about Elvis music. The reason why I say this is because this is a magazine, which is probably, read a lot of people which will spark off reactions mostly positive ones but also negative as some people didnt like him in the first, let alone if he was getting positive publicity. 2) Study Source B, C and D. Do sources C and D support the evidence of Source B about the impact of Elvis Presley? (8) Sources B, C and D seem to contradict each other as source B contains different newspaper articles describing Elvis Presleys appearance on the Milton Berle Show on NBC-TV on 5th June 1956 which are completely negative. Compare Source B to sources C and D where source C states that the show topped Phil Silvers Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first time all season, which is a positive as the show also included Elvis Presley. Source D also contradicts the negative views of source B, as there is a photograph of Elvis performing on stage at the show, where all of the fans look ecstatic to see Elvis Presley perform and from their facial expressions, quite well too. Source B contains 3 newspaper articles from different newspapers describing Elvis Presleys performance at the Milton Berle show, all of which do as much as they can to write something negative about his performance and ability. Firstly The New York Times states that Elvis Presley has no singing ability. Secondly The New York Journal also comments on Elvis voice and also the lyrics of his songs, describing them as unintelligible and his voice inadequate. It goes on to comment on physical and that it is probably too difficult to describe in terms suitable to a family newspaper. Finally the Daily News takes on another level in saying that music has reached its lowest depths from the emergence and antics of Elvis Presley. The article then states that he gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar. Such words like this represent the fact that these journalists opinions on Elvis were created before the performance at the Milton Berle show and this probably triggered their emotions even more as Elvis was getting cheered and attention which was the complete opposite to what these critics wanted for Elvis. Source C is a piece of writing from variety, an American television and radio magazine, June 1956. It explains how the Milton Berle show was a success and doesnt mention surprisingly anything negative about Elvis Presley, but also does not mention anything positive. The fact though that from what ratings suggest the show was a huge hit, means that Elvis had a part to play in this happening and although this is not stated in writing, it is clear from source D that the fans were enjoying Elvis Presleys performance just as much as he was himself. Source D is a photograph of Elvis performing at the show and in my view the reaction of the fans seems positive and that they are enjoying his performance an actually seeing him in the flesh. Elvis seems quite confident in the photo and this usually occurs when a person is getting positive attention. If Elvis was getting negative attention then his self confidence would have been drained and he would find it hard to complete his performance but the complete opposite is happening according the photo and this seems to have spurred Elvis on. From all of the support thought that Elvis is getting, which can also affect someone in a negative way as they get too excited and loosen too much, he is still in full concentration as he committed to performing to the best of his ability. The photograph also shows how most of the fans were young teenage girls, who were trying to reach out to touch their idol, which shows how much they basically worshiped him. From this I can learn that Elvis had a huge impact on young teenage girls especially when he producing his rock and roll style music, as they were fond of the characteristics that he possessed. Sources C and D do not support the evidence of source B about the impact of Elvis Presley. Source B is a collection of articles, which represent anger for the character that has stood up to so many challenges without backing down, and this annoys people, especially people like the journalists who wrote those articles. The journalists in that source are representing their views on Elvis as a whole and not just based on his performance at the show which is clear as such words as vulgar are used to describe Elvis, which is out of proportion. There could be an argument known that even though Source B is useful in showing that there were a mixture of views on Elvis Presleys music, they only represent three articles whereas the other two sources represent a larger majority of positive representation. Source C shows that with Elvis performance included, the Milton Berle shows topped Phil Silvers Sergeant Bilko in the ratings for the first time all season. Source D shows a very large majority of teenagers, especially girls, showing their appreciation towards their idol. Sources C and D, especially D provide information that suggest there is not only one view on Elvis Presley in America, which is totally negative, that there are a mixture of views on Elvis music. 3) Study Sources E and F. How useful are these sources as evidence of the impact of Elvis Presley in the mid 1950s? (10) Sources E and F are another example of how US society had conflicting views about the character of Elvis Presley. Source E gives three examples of quite powerful people views on Elvis. The first is of the congressman Emmanuel Celler speaking in January 1957. He describes how rock and roll has given great opportunities to coloured people, but the music of Elvis Presley and his animal gyrations violate all that I know to be in good taste. Emmanuel Celler clearly doesnt approve of Elvis Presleys music and his mannerisms and this is shown as such phrases as animal gyrations are used to describe Elvis, which is quite harsh to say as he is comparing Elvis to an animal, but you can see that his emotions were probably caught up when saying that. A congressman such as Cellers position in society is very high especially in the United States and a lot of the public would have listened to his views and then either agreed or disagreed with him. This speech could be seen as a positive as the way he is talking suggests that he is not racist, as it seems that he is not using the fact that Elvis Presley approves of coloured against him but just simply does not like his character. The second is from a member of the Ku Klux Klan speaking in 1956. Clearly from the speech that this member has made suggests that he despises Elvis and would rather see him dead than alive. The member says weve set up a twenty man committee to do away with this cannibalistic, negro-loving rock and roller. Such words as cannibalistic and negro-loving are hardly surprising coming from a KKK member but the fact that he is able to confess these feelings in a speech is frightening for Elvis. Elvis Presley most definitely knew that he was going to get a lot hostile reactions from the view that he was there to accept and embrace the coloured and not be against them as they so wished he would be. These are the kind of speeches that made Elvis more determined though to prove wrong those who criticised him. Finally the third is a speech made by Billy Graham, an evangelical preacher speaking in 1957. He said that I would not let my daughter cross the street to see Elvis Presley. This reaction from Billy Graham could have been for a number of reasons as Elvis Presley was quite a controversial character but I think the most important factor here is the impact that Elvis Presley had on teenagers in the US. At the time when this speech was made, which was 1957, this was the time when Elvis took his solo career to another level in terms of him dominating the late 1950s charts, according to source F. Billy Graham was an evangelical preacher which meant that he was totally against things like promiscuity and this was what Elvis regarded as one of his less important issues, which leads for Billy Graham to dislike everything about him as Elvis did most things that Billy Graham was against. It could be that Billy Graham knew of Elvis Presleys influence on teenagers and was furious that his child could have been a victim of this and rebelled against him, as this was also part of Elvis character. The fact that Billy Graham mentioned his daughter in his speech shows that he was maybe frightened because of the way so many teenagers had taken to Elvis Presley and that they were the main group that bought his records. Source F is a list of the top five singles of the year 1955, 1956 and 1957. This is a good source as it shows the rise of Elvis Presley clearly in terms of record sells. In 1955 Elvis did not manage to get in to the top five singles of the year according to the list, which was because he had just signed his first contract at that time with RCA Records and was working his way to the top. In 1956 though Elvis made himself famous with claiming four of the top five singles of the year which was a great achievement considering all of the criticism that was thrown at him along with all of the pressure that was put on to turn out a success. Elvis then claimed three of the five top singles of the year 1957 and carried on his success in the US which shows a great deal of dominance of the music industry. Sources E and F are considerably different in terms of evidence of the impact of Elvis Presley in the mid 1950s. The reason why I say this is because Source E gives Elvis bad publicity, with three individuals individually talking about how Elvis Presley has had a negative impact on the music industry and also US society as a whole. On the other hand though Source F sheds a positive light on nothing but Elvis record sells and show that the majority of US society must have liked Elvis Presleys music at least as in 1956 and 1957 he has clearly dominated the charts. It is interesting to se that all of the speeches made by the three individuals in Source E were in 1956 and 1957, but not in 1955. The reason for this was because Elvis had not emerged fully on the scene yet so therefore there was no need for those three particular people to feel threatened in any way. For example the Ku Klux Klan member speech was in 1956 at a time when Elvis had four of the top five singles of that year and he was threatened and worried by the views of Elvis towards coloured people as it could damage more people joining his group and instead taking the other option and agreeing with Elvis views on the subject of coloured people. The sources tend to be full of emotion and may not always be accurate or true but they are nonetheless useful in explaining the impact of Elvis Presley in the mid 1950s. These sources may not be accurate because they are quotes from a very long time ago and there has always been the problem of certain people editing speeches to support a certain argument. Source E shows the negative impact Elvis had on US society whereas source F help explain how Elvis rose up from not being in the charts in 1955, dominating the charts in the consecutive years of 1956 and 1957.

Be Sure to Dot Your is!

Be Sure to Dot Your is! Be Sure to Dot Your is! Be Sure to Dot Your is! By Maeve Maddox A reader asks: What is the correct way to write, there are three twos in the English language. The short answer is: There are three twos in the English language. A more thorough answer requires a look at 1. the rule for forming the plural of letters, acronyms, symbols, and words regarded as words, and 2. the intended meaning of this particular sentence. 1. How to form the plural of letters, numerals, symbols, and words used as words The Walsh Plain English handbook (widely used in American schools from 1939 into the 1970s) gave this rule: Form the plurals of letters, symbols, figures, and words regarded as words by adding s, or sometimes just s: Ex. Dot your is, cross your ts, and make your 3s (or 3s) plainer. You have too many ands (or ands) in this sentence. In 2009, the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL), an excellent and authoritative guide to written English, gives this rule: The plurals of single capital letters, acronyms, and Arabic numerals (1,2,3,) take an -s WITHOUT an apostrophe: Z (the capital letter Z)Zs UPC (Universal Product Code)UPCs ATM (Automatic Teller Machine)ATMs GUI (Graphical User Interface)GUIs 3 (the Arabic numeral 3)3s The OWL handout Forming plurals of lowercase letters carries this notation: Apostrophes are used to form plurals of letters that appear in lowercase; here the rule appears to be more typographical than grammatical, e.g. three ps versus three ps. To form the plural of a lowercase letter, place s after the letter. There is no need for apostrophes indicating a plural on capitalized letters, numbers, and symbols (though keep in mind that some editors, teachers, and professors still prefer them). My take on the use of the apostrophe to form any kind of plural is avoid doing it if you can make your meaning clear in any other way. Using s to form the plural of symbols feeds the uncertainities of young writers who imagine that the apostrophe is the sign of the plural and write such things as The dogs ran in the park. Or The dogs ran in the park. Ive had students so mesmerized by the apostrophe that they wrote his as his and goes as goes. Because of such experiences I balk at forming any kind of plural with s. In most cases no confusion results from adding a plain s to a numeral: His 3s look like 8s. Or to an acronym: All the ATMs had been vandalized. Adding s to a letter is tricky, as in the title of this post. The intended plural is looks like the verb is. Capitalizing the letter can help, but not in every case. Ex. Take more care in forming your As, Ts, and Is. My solution is to resort to quotation marks: Take more care in forming your as, ts, and is. Im not entirely happy with my solution, but I prefer it to using the apostrophe to form a plural. 2. The sentence There are three twos in the English language. Spoken, the sentence is a great way for a teacher to introduce the three English words that are pronounced [tu:]: to, two, and too. Attempting to put the sentence into written form, however, presents problems. For one thing, it spoils the pun. For another, theres only one two in English. Link to Owl Writing Lab Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionWords That Begin with Q

GIS Report 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GIS Report 2 - Essay Example Most importantly, technology, career, as well as magnet curricula are making it possible for the GIS education to penetrate into the K-12 classroom. On the contrary, other states allow teachers in responsible for teaching geography to apply GIS in their standards improvement programs without enlisting resources, support, and lessons in their geography curriculum. This discourse attempts to find software fitted with applications specially built to address particular needs of the final users in this case teachers and pupils. This takes place after making considerations involving the cons and pros. The paper also explains why it is important to make sure that the GIS contain the capacity to work with new applications and develop at the same rate with the growth of schools. The teacher should be in a position to organize information precisely, quickly, and in a reliable manner. Various research journals reveal the difficulty among different schools to implement Geographical Information Systems (GIS) especially the secondary division. However, the same studies show an improving shift in the trend towards embracing a standard learning approach where stakeholders in the education sector among them parents and department of education hold teachers accountable for the standards of learning and performance of the pupils (Cassell, & Hiremath, 2013, p. 71). This is addition to the requirements by the NO Child Left Behind program officers (NCLB). Apart from form adding the load to the educators through a set of additional issues, the shift creates room for the education sector to adopt the GIS technology in to the classroom and secondary curriculum using the appropriate standards. States that allow the application of the GIS program without resources and support among other things include Texas and apply a different program dubbed the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Microeconomic Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microeconomic Principles - Essay Example Private property exists in the free market economy, while there is no existence of private property in the command economy. Free markets promote important virtues and they, however are treated with less attention. Free markets promote integrity and cooperative values. A free market system has its reliance on property rights and provides the best possible opportunities for repeat exchange. The social market economy is a type of free market based economy, which is based on a free price system and private property. This also includes government regulation, which promotes competitive markets. But social inequalities or inequalities with respect to income are results of free market economies or free market price systems. Private property is completely different from personal property, because private property is considered as a means of production unlike personal property. â€Å"In addition, the free market performs a constant process of selection with respect to the ownership of capital † (Reisman 8). Another virtue of the free market price system is that this type of price system penalizes people for making irrational choices, especially with respect to financial loss. 2) President Barrack Obama has provided a number of speeches with respect to international trade.... Obama in his various speeches on international trade also said about various policies relating to various countries like, US should tighten its trade sanctions with Zimbabwe and how it should develop measures to increase trade with India. To shorten, Obama has released a number of speeches with respect to international trade. 3) Economists are critical of price floors and price ceilings. A price ceiling is the upper limit of the price of a commodity above which no seller can raise a price. Price ceilings are usually set below the market price of a product. Price floors are completely opposite to price ceiling. Price floor is the minimum price for a product and this is done to benefit the sellers. Both these measures are done in order to have a control over the price of products. Economist are critical of both price floors and price ceilings because somehow they viewpoint that these prices should be established through market equilibrium only. 4) A wage is compensation, typically fina ncial, received by employees in exchange for their work. Compensation in conditions of wages is specified to workers and compensation in terms of salary is given to employees. Compensation is an economic benefit given to workers in return for the services given by them. The labor supply largely resolved by population development and migration; i.e. as labor supply increases, population development increases. Labor demand mostly determined by the growth and size of the financial system, in terms of more economic development, more business actions, more jobs formed. The wages are mainly of two types, they are Market-determined or equilibrium wage and Government-mandated minimum wage. Market-determined wage means the level of

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 42

Marketing - Essay Example A personal touch with the customer, understanding his need, proper courtesy and a genuine smile is all that he longs for. It has something more to do with Max Weber bureaucracy or organizational pyramid (2) where everyone points a finger to the other one. In last two decade, the entire marketing scenario has gone through a paradigm shift and excellent customer service appears to be the deciding factor in this changing order. First of all, it is the sense of belonging, the proud ownership of the employees that literally change the face of the organization. The training of the employees that makes them serve the customer in a better manner plays the pivotal role. He should learn to communicate effectively, put a genuine smile in his face and be willing to serve his customer in every conceivable way. The stuffs should also know how to outmaneuver the customer without compromising the It is observed that a typical grocery shop stores 30,000 products and the owner answers same no of quarries. In supermarket the product listing may cross well past six digit marks but the product information which needs to be volunteered is surprisingly absent. The profit surges upwards if some subtle changes can be taken care of. For instance, Wal-Mart has a concerted return policy and a podium in every store where anyone can put a question regarding any service (3).The resultant outcome is a satisfied customer who returns again and again – to contribute to the profit of the organization. There can be multi pronged way to provide better customer care in a supermarket. Firstly, the proper motivations of the employees that work wonder. â€Å"At IBM, every one sells† as Buck Rodgers had put it in his best seller ‘The IBM Way’ (4) which should be the anthem of every supermarkets which aspires to make it big. From the doorman to the casher, every one needs to work in unison, compromising over everything except company ethics and profitability. The

The ideal role of Abu Dhabi Police in improving the traffic safety in Essay

The ideal role of Abu Dhabi Police in improving the traffic safety in Abu Dhabi Emirate (Potential and challenges). (we can make - Essay Example There are also other traffic management centers tasked with the responsibility of ensuring traffic safety and management is well thought of. Introduction The Emirate of Abu Dhabi is contemporary adopting a comprehensive development plan in all aspects of life. It shows a huge interest in developing plans and measures for the renaissance through integration for a future vision for the emirate to 2030. The government has started to prepare the urban plan of Abu Dhabi city, which was adopted in 2007. Achieving this goal will help the government’s strategies to become one of the best five most leading and advanced governments in the world. The realization of the urban plan will require development and improvements of Traffic Management through enhancing traffic safety and improving traffic performance. The collaboration of vehicle and highway to provide transportation must be treated as a system as Rodney K. Lay (2003) suggested in his research. There has been a good effort in Abu Dhabi for the last couple of years between government stakeholders to develop road safety strategy, define rules and responsibilities, and increase a fully coordinated and integrated framework to deal with road safety. It is suitable here to say when you work to prepare a strategy for traffic management, it is very important to consider the most motivating factors for the safety as the humanitarian concerns, economic costs and benefits, and legal and regulatory considerations. The importance of the management in all aspects of the life is indeed consistent with service marketing literature which emphasizes that the ‘people factor’ is an important component of perceived service quality (Ganesh et al, 2000; Chiou et al, 2002). The Henri Fayol as one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management considers it to consist of forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordination and controlling [2]. Other scholars, such as Mary Parker Follett, co nsider management as "the art of getting things done through people"[3]. Usually the transportation systems operating in a developing country may not be as economically, or as efficient as the ones in developed countries. According to my point of view the challenges that might be seen as a problem for the future development of Abu Dhabi can be the management and lack of coordination between all concerned parties in the operation. Here we can narrate what Stanley Pickett (1955), said "Think of the things you see in your own city which everyone wishes were otherwise. They might have been otherwise, if there had been careful planning in the past". The proposed study will focus on the development of a framework that will integrate elements of urban planning related to transportation. These will include traffic management systems, speeds management strategy on the roads, application of the principles of management on traffic safety for road projects, rules and responsibilities for the di fference departments involved, and the effective management of the integrated intelligent traffic systems with infrastructure to improve the road safety in Abu Dhabi. All the above will be integrated through the main domain of traffic management which requires an effective structure and organization. As many developing countries are interested in

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example This paper is going to look at the strategic planning process of TNT as well as the formulation of a new strategy. Strategic planning is a significant aspect when it comes to the operations of any organization. It is important for an organization to have a clear understanding on the process of strategic planning in order for it to implement it successfully (Johnson, 2004). This section is going to focus on the mission, objectives, vision as well as the core competencies of TNT, the issues that are involved in the process of strategic planning and lastly, the different planning techniques. A strategy can simply be defined as a long-term direction for any organization. According to Johnson et al, a strategy has the long-term direction that is required in achieving the set organizational goals (Johnson, 2004). In the case of TNT, the organization has established its own practical measures based on three aims. These aims are customer relationship, innovation and operational excellence. These measures in this context can be classified as the long term direction goals for TNT. The vision statement of an organization is simply focussed with the state of an organization that is desired based on future forecasting (Simerson, 2011). A vision statement for any organization should look at what the organization wants to achieve at present and in the future. The core competencies simply differentiate an organization from the competitors in the same industry. The resources, activities and skills which cannot be copied by the competitors may be regarded as the core competencies of that organization. TNT is known to have many core competencies in the industry and thus it has been able to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors through the available resources. According to Sadler et al, strategic planning is a form of systemized procedure that is used to develop a strategy for an organization. This

Compare and contrast the classical and Keynesian theory of Essay

Compare and contrast the classical and Keynesian theory of unemployment. Conclude by discussing which argument has been more convincing for you and why - Essay Example A lower wage rate will lead to an increase in the number of workers being employed and the vice versa. Unemployment occurs when there is excess supply of workers in the market at a particular wage level. The equilibrium level of the demand and supply for labour is established after the unemployed workers accept lower wages. The full employment level is associated with the equilibrium level in the labour market (Blanchard, 2005). Unemployment occurs when the wage level is above the equilibrium wage; hence, leading to a higher labour compared to the quantity being demanded in the market. As a result, unemployment can be classified as the difference between the supply and the demand. The flexibility of the wages has a direct effect on the level of unemployment. A decrease in the demand for a product will lead to a decrease in the demand for labour; hence, leading to high levels of unemployment. Consequently, the wage rate will fall but competition between the workers will cause them to accept the low wages; therefore, leading to a new equilibrium state. The theory explains a situation where low wage rates do not result to higher employment levels due to the employers are facing low demand for services and goods when the economy is in a recession (Phoa, Focardi and Fabozzi, 2007). The aggregate demand is the main determinant of the level of economic outputs during recessions. However, it does not have an equal effect on the productive ability off the economy but is influenced by certain determinants such as inflation and employment rates. According to the Keynesian theory, the changes in aggregate demand have short run effects on employment and output unlike in the prices. The unemployment occurs when the aggregate demand function intersects the aggregate supply function since the economy cannot experience a full employment level. The theory states that the government can use public investment programs to raise the aggregate

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example This paper is going to look at the strategic planning process of TNT as well as the formulation of a new strategy. Strategic planning is a significant aspect when it comes to the operations of any organization. It is important for an organization to have a clear understanding on the process of strategic planning in order for it to implement it successfully (Johnson, 2004). This section is going to focus on the mission, objectives, vision as well as the core competencies of TNT, the issues that are involved in the process of strategic planning and lastly, the different planning techniques. A strategy can simply be defined as a long-term direction for any organization. According to Johnson et al, a strategy has the long-term direction that is required in achieving the set organizational goals (Johnson, 2004). In the case of TNT, the organization has established its own practical measures based on three aims. These aims are customer relationship, innovation and operational excellence. These measures in this context can be classified as the long term direction goals for TNT. The vision statement of an organization is simply focussed with the state of an organization that is desired based on future forecasting (Simerson, 2011). A vision statement for any organization should look at what the organization wants to achieve at present and in the future. The core competencies simply differentiate an organization from the competitors in the same industry. The resources, activities and skills which cannot be copied by the competitors may be regarded as the core competencies of that organization. TNT is known to have many core competencies in the industry and thus it has been able to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors through the available resources. According to Sadler et al, strategic planning is a form of systemized procedure that is used to develop a strategy for an organization. This

Hydration and nutrition at the end of life Essay - 8

Hydration and nutrition at the end of life - Essay Example According to standard practice in the UK and Scotland, palliative care and end-of-life healthcare requires a holistic approach through which patients are given the kind of care that influences all aspects of their lives positively (Tappenden, et al., 2013). Therefore, it is important for all aspects of healthcare to be considered and taken into account in order to provide the best of treatment for this category of patients. Furthermore, palliative care and elderly healthcare come with major issues that require the active involvement of the families of patients (Field & Cassel, 2013). This means there is the need for authorisation in an official and unofficial context for the provision of proper care and treatment. In spite of the importance of nutrition in improving the lives of end-of-life patients, evidence indicates that a vast majority of these patients are not given the proper care and attention in terms of feeding and the digestion process (Mann & Truswell, 2012). Over 55% of nurses and medical practitioners do not spend quality time examining and critiquing options for the provision of high quality care (Gillespie & Raftery, 2014). Therefore, patients get major complications that contribute to their challenges at these sensitive times of their lives. The purpose of this research is to examine the main issues with the provision of proper nutrition to persons who are going through end-of-life medical treatments and processes. This will culminate in the examination of a central point in research and from there, In order to design a proper research, there was the need to define the scope of the research and formulate an appropriate strategy to conduct the study.

Hong Kong Proposal Essay Example for Free

Hong Kong Proposal Essay INTRODUCTION and BRIEF BACKGROUND Hong Kong was a Crown Colony of the United Kingdom from 1842 to 1997, when it was returned to the People’s Republic of China.  Ã‚   This handover of Hong Kong back to China is supported by two governing laws: the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Hong Kong. Both laws uphold the policy of â€Å"one country, two systems,† which requires that Hong Kong will operate on its own until 2047, which is fifty years after its reversion back to China.    This means that the Central People’s Government will be responsible for the strategic defense and foreign affairs of Hong Kong while Hong Kong will retain control over its legal system, police force, monetary system, and policies on customs, immigration and delegates to various international organizations and events. The return of Hong Kong to China was received with different reactions both from its own citizens and from the international scene.   As to any situation, there are always two sides to a coin: the advantages and disadvantages of the Hong Kong handover.   This paper will present the positive and negative effects of the handover on the political, social, cultural and economic spheres of Hong Kong between 1997 and 2002.   The conclusion will deal with POLITICAL SCENE There were growing concerns with regard to the integration of a democratic system of government into the political culture of Hong Kong.   The international sphere remained skeptic about the effectiveness of democracy in Hong Kong and the number of local supporters have then declined as well. These concerns are mainly caused by the failure to solve domestic problems through democratic means and the inability of various democratic factions to come up with enticing operations to attract more supporters.   It is submitted that if the foundations of democracy cannot be held strongly by its political advocates, then democracy in Hong Kong may be even more difficult as expected, if not impossible at all. Tied with the difficulty of evolving into a democratic system is the challenge to have an independent judicial system.   There has been a loss of faith in the judicial system of Hong Kong with the rampant overruling of the decisions of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong by the courts of Mainland China.   Such loss of faith leads to the loss of credibility of the Hong Kong judicial system, which worries the locals and some international organizations. HUMAN RIGHTS The term â€Å"human rights† is not limited to rights against self-incrimination, warrantless arrests, searches and seizures.   The term â€Å"human rights† includes freedom of speech and of the press.   Although human rights is highly regarded by Hong Kong, its local policies and practices cause   its own decline. The government of Hong Kong is so high strung on preventing factors that may cause social instability that it already contributes to the unprotection of human rights within its territory.   There had been reports of arrests of overstaying citizens of Mainland China, and the arrests of people who are campaigning for various social, economic and political issues by using the Public Order Ordinance to clothe such arrests with a faint tint of legality. There has also been the censorship of the media, whether by the government or by themselves, often called â€Å"self-censorship.†Ã‚   Media practitioners are so wary about overstepping the boundaries of local news that they, themselves, censor their own news on political affairs so as not to offend or stir any commotion with the leaders of the Mainland. ECONOMIC The handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997 was actually twinned with the great Asian Financial Crisis.   And the handover did not improve the economic situation of Hong Kong during the said crisis.   Despite the recovery of EU-US relations, improvement of the Mainland economy, and high-valued activities, there is still an increasing unemployment rate.   And this unemployment rate has been present even prior to the handover of Hong Kong to China.   It seems that there is little change in the economic life of Hong Kong. SOCIAL It cannot be discounted that for over a century, Hong Kong was influenced more by the British than by their Mainland people.   This is due to the obvious fact that Hong Kong was run by the British and not by the Chinese.   But since the handover, official visits of Mainland officials to Hong Kong paved way for a greater integration for both societies. Even the adoption of Mainland of development plans, which, in great part, includes Hong Kong has caused an opening of good relationships between the two.   Moreover, the loosening of travel restrictions allowed Mainland citizens to explore Hong Kong, and vice versa, so as to realize that there is no more British barrier and that they are all just from one culture.   It must be noted that apart from Mainland China, Hong Kong is building ties with Taiwan as well. CONCLUSION It’s been almost ten years since the reversion of Hong Kong back to China and with the fifty-year program of â€Å"one country, two systems,† it is quite early to tell whether or not the reversion is purely advantageous or disadvantageous to Hong Kong, and to China as well.

DaVinvi The last Supper Essay -- essays research papers

The Last Supper has been and will be one of the most talked about works of Leonardo Da Vinci’s work of art. The work of art was started in 1495 and was completed in 1498; it contained the event depicted in the bible as the final days when Jesus announced that he would be betrayed by one of his twelve disciples.† Leonardo had chosen to depict the moment when Jesus says, â€Å"One of you will betray me†.1 The painting is located in the dining hall of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Italy. The painting was commissioned by Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. The painting it self has a massive presence of 15 feet high by 29 feet wide. Even though most facts stated that the painted was not completed until three years after it was started. It was also well known that Da Vinci was a procrastinator, meaning the he did not consistently work on the art for a time period of three years but on and off when he had the time, subjects and motivation. It is said that most of his ti me with the painting was looking for model for the art work it is said that when he working on the picture it’s self he would stare at it for hours and then climb the ladder and paint for hours. Later he would not be seen for days and then show up paint a few stokes ad leave again. Much of the work was sporadically done. The painting was done on a large dry stone wall that was first treated with a base or primer. The stone wall was sealed with a layer of pitch, gesso and mastic. From there it was painted with tempera. U... DaVinvi The last Supper Essay -- essays research papers The Last Supper has been and will be one of the most talked about works of Leonardo Da Vinci’s work of art. The work of art was started in 1495 and was completed in 1498; it contained the event depicted in the bible as the final days when Jesus announced that he would be betrayed by one of his twelve disciples.† Leonardo had chosen to depict the moment when Jesus says, â€Å"One of you will betray me†.1 The painting is located in the dining hall of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Italy. The painting was commissioned by Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. The painting it self has a massive presence of 15 feet high by 29 feet wide. Even though most facts stated that the painted was not completed until three years after it was started. It was also well known that Da Vinci was a procrastinator, meaning the he did not consistently work on the art for a time period of three years but on and off when he had the time, subjects and motivation. It is said that most of his ti me with the painting was looking for model for the art work it is said that when he working on the picture it’s self he would stare at it for hours and then climb the ladder and paint for hours. Later he would not be seen for days and then show up paint a few stokes ad leave again. Much of the work was sporadically done. The painting was done on a large dry stone wall that was first treated with a base or primer. The stone wall was sealed with a layer of pitch, gesso and mastic. From there it was painted with tempera. U...

Costa Rica Essay -- essays research papers

General Information Within it's 51,100 square kilometers there is a wider variety of species of birds than in all of Europe or North America. With a relatively small population of roughly three million inhabitants, Costa Rica also boast of one of the oldest and more consolidated democracies in Latin America. In 1869 the primary education for both sexes was declared obligatory and free of cost, defrayed by the State. In 1882 the death sentence was abolished. In the year 1949 the armed forces were abolished and in 1983 Perpetual Neutrality was proclaimed. Prestigious international human rights organizations have their headquarters in Costa Rica.. Beacause of this, of its lush 1500 kilometers of tropical sun-bathed beaches and the wild diversity of flora and fauna to be found in it's wide array of microclimates Costa Rica has justifiably earned it's reputation of paradise regained. Being located within the tropics, seasonal changes in Costa Rica are not as drastic as they are in countries on other latitude s. There is a 'dry" season (equivalent to summer and spring) during which temperatures pleasantly in the high 20’s (Degrees Celsius), which goes from December to May, and a "wet" season from June till November during which mornings are usually sunny and showers might be expected after noon. On areas near the coasts temperatures may be as much as ten degrees higher, where as in the Chirripo Peak, the highest mountain of Costa Rica (3800 meters) temperature may drop down to freezing point although snow is unheard of, even at the Chirripo. Costa Rica's official language is Spanish. On the Caribbean Coast a small minority of Jamaican descendants speak a local version of English, and most Costa Rican can understand and speak a bit of English. Quite recently all public schools made mandatory the learning of a second language. The main religion, as in the rest of Latin America is the Roman Catholic, but there is a very wide margin of tolerance.The national currency is the colon. All air traffic to and from Costa Rica is handled through the Juan Santamarà ­a Airport, located 29 minutes from San Josà ©, in the city of Alajuela. Government Costa Rica is a democratic republic, as stated by the 1949 Constitution, which guarantees all citizens and foreigners equality before the law, the right to own property, the right of petition and assembly, freedom o... ...nts are required to pass tests on all subjects studied during those years. The most notorious of these tests are the Bachillerato Tests, which are required to get the high school diploma needed for admission to Universities. Although the country lacked a university until 1940, Costa Rica now has four state-funded universities and a score of small private ones, whose number has increased dramatically in the last decade, due to the difficulty of being admitted to state-funded, more prestigious universities. Opportunities abound for adults to earn the primary or secondary diplomas they failed to gain as children. The University of Costa Rica (UCR), the largest and oldest university, enrolls some 35,000 students, mostly on scholarships, but even paying full tuition is not hard as it rarely surpasses $200 a semester. The main campus is in the northeastern San Jose community of San Pedro but the UCR also has regional centers in Alajuela, Turrialba, Puntarenas and Cartago. In addition t here are many private institutions like, the Autonomous University of Central America, the University for Peace, sponsored by the United Nations offering a master’s degree in communications for Peace.

My most successful writing experience Essay

Every individual would have someone they look up to, a role model that would help shape and mould them into becoming a better person. If I am in any way a better person then I was, I owe this to my late father. It is indeed because of him, I am who I am today. He knew my every flaw yet he saw the good in me. I was indeed my daddy’s little girl and always wanted to remain that way. I saw a friend in him and not just a father figure. In him I could confide and be open just about anything. He gave me everything one could possibly ask for, not just material but guidance and advice. He had always tried to make me into a better person, never failing to support my dreams and ambitions. One thing I am grateful for is that he always made me feel that I was the best gift he has ever received from God and that taught me to make others feel appreciated. My father taught us godliness till the day he died. He believed in forgiveness and being humble. Through him, I have also learnt to be optimistic in everything and that no matter how bad things may seem, there is light at the end of the tunnel. With him being gone, the only thing that consoles me is that I am lucky I had a great father like him unlike other unfortunate children who never had parents. Upon finishing high school, I made a list of colleges that I was planning to enroll into and frankly, Segi College wasn’t top five. But the moment I stepped foot into the campus, I cannot describe how much I love being here. My first few weeks of college have been pretty amazing; my classes are interesting, my lecturers are laid back and the feeling here is incredible! My first impression of college was that it was going to be a lot like high school, except that there would be more work and assignments of course. I was expecting that coursework would be insanely difficult and would be impossible to complete. However, I have handed in a few tasks on time and trust me, there is no better feeling than handing in an assignment that you have been slaving on for a while! I am looking forward to meeting new people in class and joining clubs that the college has to offer. It is harder to make friends in college because people do not really talk to each other but I am sure if I open up a little bit and swallow my pride I will make friends much easier. I believe that the next four years will really be the best years of my life. I remember that day, and why it was so dark and melancholy. Everyone spoke in  silence, some had tears in their eyes that even a smile given was only to condole one another. Being the oldest child, I was to give a eulogy at my daddy’s funeral and despite having many good things to say about him, I was dumbstruck. I sat in my room, with paper and pen in my hand, gazing aimlessly across the room until a little blue book caught my eye. There it was, sitting on my desk, my journal which has been a habit of mine ever since I could remember. I would write a lot, out of joy, of anger, of sorrow and even out of boredom. I picked it up and flipped through the pages. Tears started rolling down my cheeks. In it, I had bittersweet memories of my daddy, the ones that could make me laugh or even frown. It was almost like an entire Facebook timeline of my life with his presence in it. I could hear the pastor calling out for the funeral service to begin. Instantly, I started scribbling my eulogy on the piece of paper. I suddenly knew what to say. Silently, I thanked my journal. It may not be the best reading material but it was definitely one I am thankful for and proud of. The one that taught me, keeping a note on the smallest things in life might be a blessing in the future.

History of Mexican Revolution Essay

The novel transports readers to a ghost town on the desert plains in Mexico, and there it weaves together tales of passion, loss, and revenge. The village of Comala is populated by the wandering souls of former inhabitants, individuals not yet pure enough to enter heaven. Like the character Juan Preciado, who travels to Comala and suddenly finds himself confused, as readers we are not sure about what we see, hear, or understand. But the novel is enigmatic for other reasons. Since publication in 1955, the novel has come to define a style of writing in Mexico. Sparse language, echoes of orality, details heavy with meaning, and a fragmentary structure transformed the literary representation of rural life; instead of the social realism that had dominated in earlier decades, Rulfo created a quintessentially Mexican, modernist gothic.. The haunting effect of Pedro Paramo derives from the fitful story of Mexican modernity, a story that the novel tells in a way that more â€Å"objective† historical and sociological analyses cannot. As an aesthetic expression characterized by imaginative understanding, the novel explores Mexican social history of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The decadent remnants of a quasi-feudal social order, violent revolutions, and a dramatic exodus from the countryside to the city all gave rise to ghost towns across Mexico. Pedro Paramo tells the stories of three main characters: Juan Preciado, Pedro Paramo, and Susana San Juan. From the point of view of Juan Preciado, the novel is the story of a son’s search for identity and retribution. Juan’s mother, Dolores Preciado, was Pedro Paramo’s wife. Although he does not bear his father’s name, Juan is Pedro’s only legitimate son. Juan has returned to Comala to claim â€Å"[j]ust what’s ours,† as he had earlier promised his dying mother. Juan Preciado guides readers into the ghost story as he encounters the lost souls of Comala, sees apparitions, hears voices, and eventually suspects that he too is dead. We see through Juan’s eyes and hear with his ears the voices of those buried in the cemetery, a reading experience that evokes the poetic obituaries of Edgar Lee Masters’ Spoon River Anthology (1915). Along with Juan Preciado, readers piece together these fragments of lives to construct an image of Comala and its demise. Interspersed among the fragments recounting Juan’s story are flashbacks to the biography of Pedro Paramo. Pedro is the son of landowners who have seen better days. He also loves a young girl, Susana San Juan, with a desire that consumes his life into adulthood. â€Å"I came to Comala because I had been told that my father, a man named Pedro Paramo, lived there. † —page 3 Although the story line in these biographical fragments follows a generally chronological order, the duration of time is strangely distorted; brief textual passages that may read like conversational exchanges sometimes condense large historical periods. Moreover, the third-person narrative voice oscillates between two discursive registers. On the one hand, poetic passages of interior monologue capture Pedro’s love for Susana and his sensuality; on the other, more exterior descriptions and dialogues represent a domineering rancher determined to amass wealth and possessions. Within this alternation between the first- and third-person narrative voices, readers must listen for another voice and reconstruct a third story, that of Susana San Juan. We overhear bits of her tale through the ears of Juan Preciado, listening with him to the complaints that Susana—in her restless death—gives forth in the cemetery of Comala. â€Å"I was thinking of you, Susana. Of the green hills. Of when we used to fly kits in the windy season. We could hear the sounds of life from the town below; we were high above on the hill, playing out string to the wind. ‘Help me Susana. ‘ And soft hands would tighten on mine. ‘Let out more string. ‘† —page 12 Poetic sections evoke her passion for another man, Florencio, and Pedro never becomes the object of Susana’s affection. Juan Preciado, Pedro Paramo, and Susana San Juan are all haunted by ghosts; in turn, they become ghosts who haunt the realities of others. â€Å"They say that when people from there die and go to hell, they come back for a blanket. † —page 6 Although as readers we have the sense of lives once lived by these characters, they emerge for us as phantasms, as partially known presences who are not immediately intelligible and who linger with inexplicable tenacity. Reading Pedro Paramo creates a transformative recognition of Mexico’s move toward modernity in the early twentieth century; more than the objective lessons learned from social and cultural history, as a novel, Pedro Paramo produces a structure of feeling for readers that immerses us through the experience of haunting. As ghosts, Pedro, Susana, and Juan point outward to the social context of Mexico in the difficult movement toward modernization, toward social arrangements that never completely die as a newer social order is established. Pedro’s accumulation of land as a rancher harks back to the trends of capital accumulation during the benign dictatorship of President Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911). The Porfiriato strove to modernize the nation through the development of infrastructure and investment; it allowed for anomalies such as the creation of the Media Luna ranch and strong local power brokers such as Pedro Paramo who shared the interests of the elite and helped maintain a thinly veiled feudal social order. Within this context, Susana San Juan and other individuals murmur their complaints in ghostly whispers. Indeed, at one point, Rulfo planned to call the novel Los murmullos—the murmurs. Speaking in the streets of Comala, overheard in dreams, and groaning in the cemetery, these spectral murmurs bespeak a reality hidden beneath the facade of Porfirian progress. The Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 gave expression to repressed peasants—the campesinos of rural Mexico—and put an end to the Porfiriato. Susana San Juan, in turn, reveals the repressed role of women in a patriarchal order. In this world women are chattel and ranch-owners can forcibly populate the countryside with bastard children by asserting feudal rights to the bodies of peasant women living on their lands. Peasant revolutionaries and Susana San Juan as well are all manipulated by Pedro Paramo. He can force events to keep them all in the places where he would have them, but he cannot control their desires and their pleasures. The peasants celebrate festivals, and after the revolution they eventually rebel again by participating in the Cristero Revolt of 1926-1929. Susana suffers guilt and remembers pleasure in evocative passages that underscore her erotic ties to Florencio, a man unknown to others in the novel, perhaps a dead soldier from the revolution, the man Pedro would have had to be in order to have Susana’s love. â€Å"The sky was crowded with fat, swollen stars. The moon had come out for a little while and then vanished. It was one of those sad moons that nobody looks at or even notices. It hung there for a little while, pale and disfigured, and then hid itself behind the mountains. † -Juan Rulfo References Carol Clark D’Lugo, The Fragmented Novel in Mexico: The Politics of Form (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997), 70-81. Patrick Dove, â€Å"‘Exigele lo nuestro’: Deconstruction, Restitution and the Demand of Speech in Pedro Paramo,† Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 10. 1 (2001): 25-44,

What are the key similarities and differences between Freud and Jung’s theories of dreams?

Introduction Historically, dreams have often been given cultural significance all over the world, and various speculations abound on the origin and function of this intriguing phenomenon. However, it was the pioneering work of Freud in the late 19th Century which truly revolutionised the way dreams are discussed in much contemporary discourse. Although as a theory it is unfalsifiable and does not easily lend itself to empirical investigation, it subsequently remains somewhat outside of the conventional scientific approach to the study of psychological phenomena, as do the ideas of Jung. Psychodynamic theories have nonetheless been influential particularly with regard to dreams since their exact purpose and the genesis of their content is not demonstrably explicable in terms of mechanistic perspectives on sleep and mind. Clearly then these theories appeal to people, and they have resulted in psychotherapeutic methods of analysis that have been helpful to some people (Freud, 1940). With this in min d, this essay will seek to establish the individual contributions of Freud and Jung, where they concur and where their theories come into conflict. In order to do this each theory must first be outlined. Freud ascribed a crucial central position of dreams in his overall model of the psyche (Jones, 1913). He saw dreams as indicative of pathologies and emotions affecting conscious life, either directly or through the action of his proposed concept of the unconscious. Freud believed that in fact the majority of the mental processes governing an individual’s thoughts, feelings and therefore behaviour, take place in the unconscious mind, and that an intrinsic censor keeps these processes and underlying drives from conscious awareness (Freud, 1922). This unconscious-conscious distinction is necessary, Freud argues, because the feelings evoked by conscious knowledge of true motivational drives and internal struggles would be unacceptable, and therefore these must be hidden in the un conscious. These unacceptable notions only become available to consciousness in transformed appearance; becoming something analogous but more acceptable to the individual. One of the primary ways Freud supposed that the unconscious communicated its contents to the conscious mind was via dreams. The actual experienced content of dreams Freud names the manifest content, whereas the true meaning of the dream as it is stored in the unconscious was dubbed the latent content (Freud, 1900). Through the method of psychoanalysis, utilising such techniques as free association and projective methods using external stimuli, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, Freud believed the latent content of dreams could be uncovered, and that the revelation of this information In the light of consciousness could alleviate many neurotic symptoms (Fenichel, 2006). As far as Freud was concerned, dreams communicate their message through symbolic means. Images encountered in dreams represent some aspect of the dreamer’s psyche and their interpretation can result in profound insights into the inner life of an individual. For Freud, the meaning of certain dream symbols could be ubiquitous between individuals; if one person was dreaming of the Eiffel tower then this could be interpreted in much the same way as if another person were also dreaming of the Eiffel tower. The only way the interpretation would differ would be in regard to the dream context; that is, the place the object of the Eiffel tower occupied in relation to other dream objects, the motifs and themes involved in the dream as well as more ambient feelings surrounding dream objects. Therefore, two dreams involving the Eiffel tower could be interpreted quite differently, but the symbolic Eiffel tower could be said to have similar if not synonymous meaning between persons, according to Freud (1954). A key aspect of Freud’s theory of the unconscious is that the ego (the symbolic self) develops defence mechanisms to p rotect itself from thoughts and feelings that it finds unacceptable, typically these are feelings of inadequacy, social comparisons or unbearable desires of some kind. This arsenal of defence mechanisms includes repression, denial, sublimation and projection. This list is not comprehensive but these are the primary mechanisms by which feelings that are deemed harmful to the ego are exiled to the unconscious (Freud, 2011). In Freud’s theory, these unconscious desires and feelings then manifest themselves symbolically in dreams through almost universally recognisable and interpretable symbols. Another aspect of this theory is that dream objects may form categories. In other words, different but perhaps similar objects may mean the same thing in terms of latent content. One classic example of a semantic category of this kind is phallic symbols; essentially anything cylindrical is often interpreted to denote a phallus, or more abstract ‘power’ (Orrells, 2013). The dr eam analysis would then proceed with the latent content supplanted in the place of the manifest content, and the true meaning of the dream could be interpolated depending on the dream context. Freud was essentially working towards an encyclopaedic knowledge of the meaning behind each dream symbol (Freud, 1900) and although there was some acknowledgement that these symbols could be represented differently between diverse people, much of his theory lacks generalizability. This point becomes especially relevant when it is remembered that his theory was developed using only qualitative data obtained from neurotics (Freud, 1922). As a contemporary of Freud’s, Jung developed his theories largely without his input. When the two met they found that most of their ideas regarding the unconscious and its expression in dreams were compatible if not identical. However, there were some key areas of divergence; chiefly there are new concepts introduced by Jung, and disagreements over the ex act nature of the unconscious. Despite specific differences, there is no denying the striking similarity of the theories with regard to the genesis of dreams, the structure of the individual psyche and to a large extent the interpretation of dream content. Freud and Jung agreed that dreams harbour feelings, thoughts and desires which are unacceptable or painful to conscious awareness. Jung took this notion a step further and coined the term ‘complex’. A complex centres on a certain theme which pervades a person’s life again and again in many different ways. It must be a recurring theme which profoundly influences the psychology of the individual. Unlike the more general terms used by Freud, the idea of a complex provides a more structured way of understanding an individual’s unconscious expressions through the methods used in psychoanalysis, and the term was adopted by Freud into his psychology (Schultz and Schultz, 2009). Jung also introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, as he felt that Freud’s formulation of the unconscious was apt when applied to the individual, but incomplete as it could not account for the consistency of certain dream themes and even specific symbols between individuals (Jung, 1981). Jung believed that the consistency of dreams between individuals was best explained by introducing a new level to the unconscious; a communal level where universally relevant archetypal symbols filter in disguised form into the conscious awareness of individuals through dreams. These archetypes are fundamental aspects of life which apply to all people, and as such are ingrained in some way in all cultures, but are expressed differently between cultures in their respective myths, legends and deities. For Jung, archetypal images include that of the mother, to give an idea of the sort of motifs supposedly inherent in the collective unconscious. Although Freud would later acknowledge the idea of a collective unconsc ious (Jung, 1936), he still did not attribute particular importance to it like Jung did, seeing it as more of an ‘appendix’ to the personal unconscious. The collective unconscious was of paramount importance in Jung’s theory of dreams; he supposed that many dream images and themes could be interpreted as representing archetypes present in the collective unconscious (Jung, 1981). It is necessary here to delve a little further into Jung’s theory of the general human psyche to fully appreciate his perspective on dreams. Jung believed the ultimate goal of life was ‘individuation’ (Jung, 1923), which refers to the unification of personality, and an acknowledgment of all unconscious impulses. This integration of the unconscious with consciousness can only occur with the two still operating in relative autonomy but with the conscious mind achieving a degree of acceptance of the unconscious; both the collective and personal unconscious that is. Until individuation can be achieved, the individual must continue to attempt to differentiate themselves from the collective consciousness through the establishment of an individual persona. The persona is shaped through the processes of socialisation and individual experience and therefore the persona an individual choses to project may not truly reflect how they are feeling or thinking. Jung argued this persona is also shaped by the collective unconsciousness, and this struggle for individuation against the archetypes, and the strain felt by wearing the persona like a ‘mask’ is expressed in dreams (Jung, 1923). The idea of integrating opposites features heavily in Jung’s theories, and he believed that dreams could be expressions of this internal struggle, which is a perspective shared by Freud. However, it is clear that there is disagreement on the origins of the internal struggles; for Freud they arise only from the pressure of individual desires which are deemed as unacceptable by the conscious mind, whereas Jung saw in dreams the process of socialisation via exposure to the collective unconscious and the archetypes, while at the same time the ego struggles against such influence for the possibility of individuation. It can be gleamed from this description of the theories of Jung compared to those of Freud that Jung’s had more of a spiritual aspect to them. The idea of a collective unconscious inhabited by concepts that are familiar to all people does have an air of transcendence compared to the personal unconscious, which is concerned only with the unbearable thoughts of the one individual concerned. The objectivist worldview of Freud can be clearly contrasted here with that of Jung who did not discount spiritual perspectives, but saw in them analogies, representations and affirmations of his own concepts, albeit expressed with some artistic licence and cultural influence. The goal of individuation, Jung thought, was at the mystical h eart of all religions, whereas the collective unconscious gave rise to all manner of representations in religious texts. This brings us to another way in which the theories differ. Freud conceptualised the unconscious as being overwhelmingly focused on negative emotions and thoughts concerning the ego. The complex for Freud was always a malevolent phenomenon. Jung did not believe this necessarily had to be the case, and stipulated that the unconscious could contain desires, thoughts and feelings of any emotional valence. Jung believed that the contents of the personal unconscious could have been repressed from consciousness for any number of reasons, which differs drastically from the opinion of Freud who believed that this was only possible through the activation of the defence mechanisms he conceived of. Indeed, Jung saw many of the archetypes as benign abstractions (Jung, 1981) shared by all cultures which are universally effective in shaping the socialisation of all members of a society. Jung’s theory then has greater scope, in encapsulating the macro-level influences which affect all people as well as individual tendencies expressed in dreams; Freud focused to heavily perhaps on the individual and their immediate relations. Both Freud and Jung believed that unconscious underlying emotions for certain concepts drive external behaviour, the primary disagreement is over the placement of these emotional drives. Jung proposed that images filter up from the collective unconscious and are given individualised guises appropriate to each individual (but they nonetheless represent the same archetype). Feelings regarding this archetype arise from personal experience and inherent inclinations. These feelings are then expressed in the personal unconscious through dreams and take on personal significance in the conscious mind. In Freud’s theory, the process of unconscious expression takes place solely in the personal unconscious and is concerned with emot ions, thoughts and desires surrounding personal relationships and experience (Williams, 1963). Both of these psychodynamic theorists saw dreams as a key diagnostic tool in psychotherapy. However, there was some divergence in interpretative technique; primarily that Jung did not believe that the meaning of one dream symbol could be transferred effectively between people. To reuse the earlier example, to dream of the Eiffel tower could be interpreted completely differently depending on who dreamed it, their personal circumstances and the dream context. The dream image of the Eiffel tower for Jung does not inherently mean anything in and of itself. Although both methods of interpretation have resulted in the lessening of neurotic symptoms for some patients (Freud, 1954; Jung, 1936) the fact that these theories are essentially speculative cannot be overlooked lightly. Both Freud and Jung attached paramount significance to dreams in the functioning of the human mind, reading great meanin g into sometimes seemingly arbitrary dream images, but the fact that these theories cannot be empirically tested and rely on mainly neurotic patients for the acquisition of evidence is a serious criticism of both theories. The purpose of dreams is another area in which these theories put forward different views. Both theorists agree that the unconscious is expressed in dreams, but Jung adds that socialisation occurs through exposure to the collective unconscious, and individuation is sought through the establishment of an appropriate place for the ego in relation to the archetypes (Jung, 1936). Therefore, dreaming is a process of growth for Jung, whereas Freud saw dreams as expressive and in need of interpretation for them to really be of use to the dreamer. A common theme in both theories though when it comes to the purpose of dreams is compensation. In psychoanalytic theory, it is assumed that dreams can arise to compensate for a conscious attitude thus balancing the position of t he ego, this perspective is shared by both Jung and Freud. In a compensatory dream, the dreamer may be expressing a contrary attitude to one consciously held, although this would occur in disguised form as the manifest content in the dream. This assumption would factor into the psychoanalytic strategy employed by both theorists, where they would most notably differ would be in their interpretation of the meaning of certain symbols; whether they represent archetypes (as in Jung’s theory) or are analogous to personal relationships with people or objects in conscious life (as in Freud’s theory). To conclude, there initially appears to be many more similarities than differences between the theories of Freud and Jung regarding dreams. Both postulate the existence of an unconscious which expresses itself with symbolic images through dreams for the purpose of compensation; both see the interpretation of the unconscious expression as potentially beneficial, and the pathology o f neuroses is seen to have a causal influence in the unconscious desire. Despite these fundamental similarities there is also much divergence. Most of the theoretical difference is created by the proposition of the collective unconscious by Jung. This introduces a spiritual element, and an additional purpose of dreaming, which involves communing with archetypal forms to establish personal identity, and maintain a properly socialised persona. This is mostly incompatible with Freudian theory, which takes a more objective view and focuses on patterns of unconscious expression within the personal unconscious between individuals, seeking to establish a universal method of dream interpretation, something Jungian theory would deem impossible. 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Freud’s Phallic Symbol. Classical Myth and Psychoanalysis: Ancient and Modern Stories of the Self, 39. Shultz, D. and Shultz, S. (2009). Theories of Personality (9th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Williams, M. (1963). The indivisibility of the personal and collective unconscious. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 8(1), 45-50.